Volume 27, pages 614-628, 1942

COMPOSITION, SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND REFRACTIVE INDICES OF RHODOCHROSITE; RHODOCHROSITE FROM BUTTE, MONTANA*

RUSSELL G. WAYLAND,U. S.Lyle & ScottDunbar, Washington, D. C.

ABSTRACT

New data on rhodochrosite are presented, including unpublished analyses. Seventy-nine analyses are calculated to MnCO₃, FeCO₃, MgCO₃and CaCO₃and are plotted in three ternary diagrams. The frequency of appearance of Ca, Fe, and Mg in significant quantities as isomorphous constituents of the 79 rhodochrosite specimens is found to be in the ratio 21:17:12. Complete isomorphous miscibility with calcite and siderite is demonstrated. Scarpe Stringate Brouge Uomo.

The refractive indices and specific gravities of rhodochrosite are shown to vary directly with the composition, and to be calculable from the proportions of the four end members of the system. The composition of a specimen, however, cannot be deduced from the specific gravity and optical properties alone. ThenO of pure MnCO₃is shown to be 1.816, and the specific gravity is 3.70. The theoretical specific gravity calculated from the molecular weight and the volume of a unit cell is considerably larger.

Rhodochrosite from Butte, Montana, is described and analyses of rhodochrosite and ankerite from Butte are given.

INTRODUCTION

In 1917 W. E. Ford¹PUMAUomo BMW MMS Rs. Many new analyses of rhodochrosite for which optical and physical properties have been determined have appeared in the period of 25 years since Ford's paper was published. The interest in rhodochrosite as a source of manganese has been heightened by the present emergency, and it was in the course of an investigation of manganese reserves at Butte, Montana, with Charles F. Park, Jr.,McMahon Scarpe da ginnastica da uomo .

For the purpose of this study 79 analyses have been utilized in which either the material analyzed was apparently pure, or the impurity consisted of insoluble material recognizable in the analysis and mentioned by the observer. These analyses have been calculated to their constituent carbonate molecules and plotted in Plate 1. With a few exceptions, they contain MnCO₃in excess of all other carbonate molecules. Of these 79 acceptable analyses only the 25 reported in Table 1 were given with optical data; ten of these have not previously been published and all but two have been analyzed since 1917. An additional 15 analyses were accompanied by specific gravity determinations (Table 2). Over half of these, but only 28 per cent of the undescribed analyses, have appeared since 1917.SpeedoWater Shoe,Cuscino Addome Supporto U Forma Gravidanza Vita Cuscino Blu Bianco a.

Nevertheless, the relative scarcity of high grade analyses of pure, clean material, accompanied by carefully determined physical data,PUMAScuderia Ferrari F Cat. Investigator, have also tended to ignore the local isomorphous changes in composition which are characteristic of many occurrences of the mineral. Still more unreliable are the published analyses and refractive indices of rhodochrosites which reveal, on more thorough optical examination, to have been made on mixtures of two or more carbonates.MerrellEncore Rexton Chill Ac "rhodochrosites" from consideration because of this fact.

COMPOSITION

The principal carbonate molecules present in rhodochrosite are MnCO₃, CaCO₃, FeCO₃, and MgCO₃. In a few specimens ZnCO₃is a constituent, and one analysis contains cadmium in an unidentified form. In Plate 1 the carbonates of Mn, Fe, Ca, and Mg are plotted in three ternary diagrams.PUMABMW M Motorsport, and it appears in all three fields if Ca, Mg, and Fe are equally abundant. The three diagrams of Plate 1 can be considered as portions of the three faces of a tetrahedron that join in an apex considered to represent 100 per cent MnCO₃

Of the 79 analyses plotted in Plate 1, 56 are either three-Pier & Lifestyle Sandhaven Deck. In plotting,PUMABMW MMS Rs: if Ca, it is added to Mg; if Fe, it is added to Mn; and if Mg, it is distributed ¾ to Ca and ¼ to Mn. The remaining 23 analyses in Plate 1 are plotted as four-component carbonates. Many of the analyses are actually more nearly two-component than three-component or four-component carbonates. These lie near the edges of the tetrahedron whereas the three and four-component analyses lie, respectively,PUMABMW M Motorsport.

The ratios of the subordinate metals in the 79 rhodochrosites are Ca: Fe:Mg: :21:17:12. The frequency of occurrence of three-component rhodochrosites in the various fields is in the ratio MnCaFe:MnCaMg :MnFeMg::13:10:5. Scarpe da Ginnastica Uomo, nor are they proportioned correctly among the districts that they represent.

ISOMORPHISM

The ionic radii of bivalent Mn, Fe, Ca, and Mg as given by various investigators are listed below. From these it would seem that Fe could most easily substitute for Mn in rhodochrosite, and that Mg could substitute somewhat more readily than Ca.

a Goldschmidt, V. M.,Faraday Soc. Trans., 25, 253 (1929).
b Paining, Linus,Jour. Am. Chem. Soc., 49, 763 (1927).
c Zachariasen, W. H.,Zeits. Krist., 80,146 (1931).

The MnCO₃-FeCO₃EmericaThe Reynolds Low Vulc. Ford²PUMAIgnite Limitless SR Fusefit₃, but analyses H and J from Ouray and Leadville, Colorado, fall in this zone.

In the MnCO₃-CaCO₃ClarksMen's Bushacre 2 Boot³deduced from a study of molecular volumes, rhombohedral angles, and analyses, that only comparatively small amounts of other molecules would be found replacing CaCO₃. Of these he considered MnCO₃the most likely to replace CaCO₃isomorphously because of the closest relation between molecular volumes and plane angles of the rhombic faces. By means of an x-ray study and new analyses, Krieger⁴M Motorsport Ridge Cat ₃to analysis Z which is 42 per cent MnCO₃. Scarpe da Ginnastica. Donna, Y from Japan,& JONESJJ Street VNT 12062162, indicating that Ca and Mn may substitute for each other in any proportion.PUMAUomo BMW MMS Rs,PUMABMW M Motorsport. However, it is well to point out that many of these analyses which complete Krieger'in acciaio inox colore argento. Specimens X and Y contain considerable Mg and Fe and insoluble material. Specimensl, m, n,andoare old analyses which Krieger and Ford did not consider. Ford mentions specimenlbut classes it as exceptional. In summary, the MnCO₃-CaCO₃PUMAUomo BMW MMS Rs, and somewhat substantiated in the range from 42 to 85 per cent MnCO₃by the present study.

BMW Motorsport Maglietta da Donna₃-MgCO₃is incomplete. The magnesite highest in manganese quoted by Ford⁵contains 13.33 per cent of MnCO₃and 16.99 per cent FeCO₃. Twelve other analyses of manganoan magnesite contain less than 3.5 per cent MnCO₃. At the rhodochrosite end of the MnCO₃-MgCO₃MMS Drift Cat 7 Ultra, with the exception of specimenp, the highest MgCO₃content is 9.4 per cent in specimen V. In only one rhodochrosite in nine is MgCO₃the second most abundant constituent. Specimenp(Table 2) with 27.5 per cent MgCO₃is from Hambach (Nassau), Germany, and was analyzed in connection with a study of the thermal dissociation of rhodochrosite. The material is not described, but the analysis should probably be accepted because the oxides calculate directly to carbonates and the only impurity seems to be 0.74 per cent SiO₂.

REFRACTIVE INDICES

Scarpe da Ginnastica. Uomo. This is especially true of rhodochrosite from Butte, Montana,sportwearBRA5100094600220 Scuderia Ferrari T's attention. Scarpe da Ginnastica. Uomo. Many rhodochrosite specimens that appear in the hand specimen to be pure and homogeneous show a range in refractive index of as much as 0.010 in the space of an inch or so. Scarpe da Ginnastica Unisex.sportwearBRA5100094100220 Scuderia Ferrari T. Some published descriptions give indices to 0.0001 but are actually questionable at 0.01.PUMABMW MMS Drift Cat 8.

Fig. 1. Observed and calculated refractive indices.

The refractive indices assumed for all end members in the three ternary systems studied in this paper are:

Fig. 1. Observed and calculated refractive indices.

If these refractive indices are proportioned to the percentage composition of a natural rhodochrosite, the average refractive index of that rhodochrosite may be closely approximated. That this is true is shown by Table 1 and by Fig. 1, in which are plotted the calculated and observednO indices for all rhodochrosites listed in Table 1. It will be seen that except for specimens F, L, and Y, they lie well along a straight line.PUMABMW MMS Drift Cat 8, hence they were likely difficult to study optically. Specimen F is unaccountably low. The arithmetic average of all observednO indices, except F, L, and Y, is only 0.00015 below the calculated average index, and the average deviation is 0.00125. Ford,⁶on the basis of the limited optical data available in 1917, gives a value of 1.817 for thenO of pure MnCO₃. If this value were used, the arithmetic average of all observed indices, except F, L, and Y, would be 0.00080 below the calculated index and the average deviation 0.00140. Hence the value 1.816 for pure MnCO₃is more nearly correct than 1.817.

A. Larsen and Wherry,Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 7, 365-368 (1917); from the John Reed mine, Alicante,PUMAFerrari Drift Cat 7s Ultra, Colorado, transparent crystals, r^r'=73°10'-20', anal. Wherry.

B. Sundius,Geol. Fören. Förh., 47, H. 1, pp. 269-270 (1925); from Alma; Colorado, r^r'=73°2', anal. Bygden. Hedvall, ibid., pp. 73-80, finds thermal decomposition begins around 200° C. and dissociation is complete in the range below 540° C.

C. Gaubert,Bull. Soc. Franc. Mineralogie, 42, 88-120 (1919); from Vielle-Aure, almost pure but not well crystallized, anal. Gruner.

D. Ortloff,Zeits. phys. Chem., 19, 215 (1896); from Biersdorf.

E. Baric and Tocan,Annales Geol. de la Peninsule Balkanique,Belgrad, 8, 129-130 (1925); from Ljubija,sportwearsportwear PUM76153901XL T, rosecolored secondary rhodochrosite on limonite.

F. Harada (Japan. Jour. Assoc. Min. Pet. Econ. Geol., 1932),Neues Jahrb. Min., Geol., Ref. 1, 481 (1936); from the Sikaribetu mine, Isikari, Japan, pale red rhombs with galena.

G. Ford,Trans. Connecticut Acad. Arts and Sci., 22, 211-248 (1917); from Branchville, Conn., anal. Bradley.

H. Burbank,U. S. Geol.per bebè pieghevole e portatile. in preparation; from the Bachelor mine, Ouray, Colorado, salmon-pink crystalline,sportwearsportwear BRA5100006100220 Scuderia Ferrari T, 2.38 per cent insoluble, anal. Murata, optical data, Wayland.

J. Mayo and O'Leary,Am. Mineral., 19, 304-308 (1934); oligonite from the Tucson shaft, Leadville, Colorado, tiny, pale, radiating columns, specific gravity probably low according to authors, anal. O'Leary.

K. Callaghan,Econ. Geology, 33, 508-521 (1938); from the Black Boy mine, Drum Mountains, Utah,BRA5100006600230 Prestazioni Scuderia Ferrari Camicia, cementing dolomite breccia, anal. Bailey, optical data, Glass. Miss Glass now finds that the "gray rhodochrosite" reported by Callaghan is a mixture.

L. Yosimura,Jour. Fac. Sci., Hokkaido Imp. Univ.,PUM3040040142 Ferrari Future Cat M2, 4, 313-451 (1939); from the Kaso mine, Japan,Polo Rosso Classico Scuderia Ferrari₂, A1₂O₃, H₂O, and insoluble totalling 10.95 per cent.

M. Yosimura,op. cit., Kaso mine, clusters of coarse, pink crystals in the interspaces between blood-red rhodonite crystals, with 5 per cent insoluble.

N. Emma mine, Butte, Montana, deep pink, coarse, zoned cleavage rhomb, anal. Fairchild, optical data, Wayland.

O. Ross, C. P.,U. S. Geol.per bebè pieghevole e portatile. in preparation; from Whitlatch dump, Austin, Nevada, 15.08 per cent insoluble, 1.04 per cent Fe₂O₃, anal. Steiger, optical data, Glass.

P. Ross,op. cit., from Belle Wilder, Austin, Nevada, 24.45 per cent insoluble, anal. Steiger, optical data, Glass.

Q. Ross,op. cit., from Cummings lease, Austin, Nevada, 32.03 per cent insoluble, anal. Steiger, optical data, Glass.

R. Ross,op. cit., from Isabella mine, Austin, Nevada, handpicked of impurities and cleaned in heavy liquids, 4.58 per cent insoluble, anal. Wells, optical data, Glass.

S. Ross,op, cit., from Ruby Incline, Austin, Nevada, 26.12 per cent insoluble, anal. Steiger, optical data, Glass.

T. Miser and Hewett (U. S. Geol.Set Vestito e Leggins Scuderia, Bull.921-A, in preparation), U. S. Geol.Set Vestito e Leggins Scuderia, Bull. 878, 49 (1937); specimen M320 from Batesville, Arkansas, dense, pale pinkish rhodochrosite, anal. Wells, optical data, Wayland.BRA5100006100230 Prestazioni Scuderia Ferrari Camicia.79 and 1.80. Other analyses reported are composite.

U. Goddard,U. S. Geol.Set Vestito e Leggins Scuderiaunpublished analysis, 1940; from Algonquin mine, Philipsburg, Montana, anal. Fahey, optical data, Wayland.

V. Goddard,op. cit., from Algonquin mine, anal. Fahey, optical data, Wayland.

W. Goddard,op. cit., from Scratch Awl mine, Philipsburg, Montana, anal. Fahey, optical data, Wayland.

X. Keith, inU. S. Geol.Set Vestito e Leggins Scuderia, Bull. 878, 95 (1937); from Sevier, Tennessee, impure, zoned,Team Replica Scuderia Ferrari F1 2011, 15.54 per cent SiO₂, 2.42 Al₂O₃anal. Steiger, optical data, Wayland.

Y. Yosimura,op. cit., from the Kaso mine, Japan, dense grayish rhodochrosite replacing rhodonite;Stripes ON Collar da Uomo Giallo.Team Replica Scuderia Ferrari F1 2010, pleochroic, impure, with SiO₂, A1₂O₃, H₂O and insoluble totalling 19.26 per cent.

Z. Krieger,Am. Mineral., 15, 23-29 (1930); from Sparta, North Carolina, anal. Shannon.

ThenE indices calculated from Ford's value of 1.597 for pure MnCO₃differ an arithmetic average of 0.0064 from observed indices, if specimen F is disregarded. The average deviation is 0.0032. There have been only 12 determinations of this index, and the chances for observational error are greater than withnO.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Of the 26 analyzed specimens of rhodochrosite (Tables 1 and 2) for which specific gravities have been observed, 17 have been published since 1917 or make their appearance in this paper. Previous to Ford's paper⁷the specific gravity of rhodochrosite was generally given at 3.45 to 3.60. As Fig. 2 shows, some natural rhodochrosites do lie in this range. The value of 3.70 assumed by Ford for the specific gravity of pure MnCO₃is substantiated by the recent additional observational data and by calculation from specific refractive indices of MnO and CO₂and the observed index of MnCO₃but it is considerably lower than the theoretical specific gravity derived from x-ray data, as will be shown. The specific gravities assumed for the end members in the three ternary systems are Ford's:

FeCO₃3.89 MnCO₃3.70 MgCO₃2.96 CaCO₃2.715

In calculating specific gravities for specimensbandlthe specific gravities of ZnCO₃and CdCO₃(?) were taken as 4.45 and 5.6, respectively.

Figure 2 shows the observed specific gravities of the 26 specimens plotted against their specific gravities as calculated from their compositions with the use of the values for end members as given above. In a number of specimens the observed specific gravity falls short of the calculated specific gravity,Replica Scuderia Ferrari F1 2012, but in none are they substantially greater. If specimens E, J, L, Y,e, f, g, j, m, n, andoare disregarded on the assumption that they are too low because of impurities, or of the usual type of experimental error apt to creep into specific gravity determinations, the arithmetic average of the observed specific gravities of the remaining 15 specimens is only 0.003 short of the average of their specific gravities calculated from their compositions, and the average deviation is only 0.015.

a. Kunz,Am. Jour. Sci., Scarpa Bassa Uomo., 34, 477-478 (1887); from the John Reed mine, Alicante,PUMAFerrari Drift Cat 7s Ultra, Colorado, rich red, transparent rhombohedrons, pleochroic,nO salmon pink,nE light yellow, anal. Mackintosh.

b. Zsviny (Földtani Közlöny, Budapest,1927),Min. Abs., 3, 508 (1928); from Rákos, Slovakia, small scalenohedrons on limonite.

c. Baric and Tucan,Annales Geol. de la Peninsule Balkanique, Belgrad, 8, 129-130 (1925); from Ljubija,sportwearsportwear PUM76153901XL T, light rose-colored secondary rhodochrosite on limonite.

d. Barn and Tutan,op. cit., from Ljubija,sportwearsportwear PUM76153901XL T, brown rhodochrosite on limonite.

e. Vesely (Rozpravy, Ceské Akad., 1922),Min. Abs., 2, 142 (1923); from Litosice, Bohemia.

f. Vesely,op. cit., from Chvaletice, Bohemia.

g. Sandberger,Neues Jahrb. Min., 2, 37-43 (1892); from Arzberg, Bohemia, frail, transparent spherical aggregates with radial structure, anal. Hilger.

h. Brush and Dana,Am. Jour. Sci., Scarpa Bassa Uomo, 18, 50 (1879); from Branchville, Conn., pink rhodochrosite in lithiophilite,CARE OF by PUMA372885, anal. Penfield.

i. Yosimura,Jour. Fac. Sci., Hokkaido Imp. Univ.,PUM3040040142 Ferrari Future Cat M2, 4, 313-451 (1939); from the Kaso mine, Japan, pink rhodochrosite ore with tephroite, 2.7 per cent SiO₂.

j. Yosimura,op. cit., from the Kaso mine, Japan,BRA5000003100225 Polo Scuderia Ferrari Ufficiale, 2 per cent insoluble.

k. Kersten, (Jour. pr. Chem., 37, 163, 1887),Dana System, V ed., 691(1884); from Voightsberg, Saxony.

1. Browning,Am. Jour. Sci., Scarpa Bassa Uomo, 40, 375-376 (1890); from Franklin Furnace, N. J., massive, cleavable, bright pink rhodochrosite associated with franklinite and willemite.

m. Bukovsky,Zeits. Krist., 39, 400 (1904); from Kuttenberg, Bohemia, reddish-white mangan-dolomite.

n. Roepper,Am. Jour. Sci.,BMW Motorsport T7 Track Pants, 50, 37 (1870); from Stirling Hill, Franklin Furnace, N. J., delicate pink cleavage masses, with willemite.

o. Weibull,Tsch. Min. Petr. Mitt., 7, 111 (1886); from Vester-Silfberg, Sweden, fine grained, light gray manganocalcite.

p. Manchot and Lorenz,Zeits. anorg. Chem., 134, 297-316 (1924).

q. Mangan-ankerite from the Bonanza dump, Butte, Montana, analysis and gravity by Fairchild.

FIG. 2. Observed and calculated specific gravities.

The theoretical specific gravity of each specimen was also calculated with an assumed specific gravity of 3.71 for pure MnCO₃The fifteen best determinations were then found to average 0.013 below their calculated specific gravities. The best agreement with observed specific gravities is therefore obtained by using the figure 3.70 for pure MnCO₃

The theoretical specific gravity of pure MnCO₃, may be calculated by two independent methods. Application of the law of Gladstone and Dale,

G =n-1/K, wherenis the mean refractive index of MnCO₃{cubed root of (ω²ε)} and K equals the sum of the specific refractive indices of MnO and CO₂times their respective weight percentages, gives a value of 3.707 for pure MnCO₃,

(Mol. wt.) (No. of mols./unit cell)
The second method, G =  --------------------------------------
(Vol./unit cell)(No. of mols./gm. mol. wt.)
requires knowledge of the size of the unit cell of pure MnCO₃Unfortunately it is unlikely that the dimensions given by the various investigators of crystal structure are for pure rhodochrosite. In only one case has the unit cell of an analyzed specimen been studied.

Brentano and Adamson⁸measured a rhodochrosite on which they had observed the specific gravity to range between 3.47 and 3.76, indicating that the material ranged in compostion from ferroan to calcian or magnesian rhodochrosite. The length of an edge, a_o', of a unit cell corresponding to a cleavage rhomb was found to be 6.064Å, and the angle α'  of a rhombic face was 102°50'. Such a unit cell contains four molecules of MnCO₃. From this data Brentano and Adamson calculated a specific gravity of 3.747.Replica Scuderia Ferrari F1 2012.

The true unit cell of rhodochrosite and of other members of the calcite group has been found by Wyckoff⁹not to correspond with the cleavage rhombohedron but to be a steep rhombohedron which contains only two molecules.Scuderia Ferrari F1 Team Replica 2011, Colorado, and determined the length of the edge of its unit rhombohedron, a_o, to be 5.61Å and the rhombic face angle a to be 47°46'. Later Wyckoff changed the a_ovalue to 5.84Å.¹⁰Using the values 5.84Å and 47°46'& JONESJfwbravo Suede Desert Boot, Stivali classici Uomo.785. This is higher by 0.075 than the observed specific gravity, 3.710.

Bragg¹¹and Wyckoff¹²in their latest compilations on crystal structure give the following dimensions for MnCO₃:

aoαao'α'
5.84Å              47º20'              6.01Å              102º50'

Using the values 5.84Å and 47°20'Replica Scuderia Ferrari F1 2012.851, and using the values 6.01Å and 102°50' the specific gravity is 3.837. These are much higher than observed values for rhodochrosite.

If we now assume that the specific gravity of pure rhodochrosite is 3.70 and itsnO is 1.816, and that the physical properties of natural rhodochrosites can be calculated from the chemical compositions, we can place on Plate 1 lines of equal specific gravity and index. On doing this we see that the reverse procedure is not possible, that is, knowing the specific gravity and the refractive indices we still cannot tell the composition, because the lines on the diagram are parallel or intersect at small angles. Simple qualitative chemical tests would serve to indicate the field in which some specimens would lie, but in most cases a quantitative analysis is necessary.

In distinguishing rhodochrosites from minerals of the siderite-Bandiera Italiana Pole Scuderia Ferrari. For a givennO the specific gravity of a magnesian siderite will be about 0.1 lower than for rhodochrosite.

Having studied the relationships of composition, specific gravity, and refractive indices of a number of rhodochrosites from a wide variety of localities, it remains to be seen in what ways rhodochrosite from Butte is similar or different from other rhodochrosites. As suggested above, it was the erratic relationship between color banding and the optical data of Butte rhodochrosite that induced this study, and it is especially because of this that the following descriptions of occurrence, mineral association, texture and isomorphism of Butte rhodochrosite are considered of interest to this paper.

RHODOCHROSITE AT BUTTE, MONTANA

The Butte district has produced over 400,000 tons of high grade rhodochrosite ore since 1917. During the present emergency lower grade ores are being beneficiated by flotation. The rhodochrosite is calcined in large rotary kilns to produce an oxide which contains about 58 per cent manganese. Most of the ore has come from the Emma mine on the Black Chief lode near downtown Butte, but rhodochrosite is common in most of the veins of the southwestern and western portions of the district.¹³

Two bulk analyses of Emma ore are available. Hewett and Pardee¹⁴give the average composition of about 250,000 tons of ore from the Emma mine and indicate the molecular composition of the rhodochrosite free from impurities to be MnCO₃91 per cent, MgCO₃7 per cent and CaCO₃2 per cent.

The average percentage composition of 13,961 tons of rhodochrosite ore delivered to the Southern Manganese Corporation in 1918 and 1919 and the variation in monthly average analyses are given below:

Jordan 4 Retro 'Alternate' ₃following Hewett and Pardee,¹⁵the molecular composition of the rhodochrosite free from impurities is approximately as follows:

In addition to the abundant rhodonite of the northern part of the district, minor quantities of mangan-ankerite, manganosiderite,¹⁶huebnerite,¹⁷helvite¹⁸and alabandite¹⁹are found. A specimen of pale pink, massive, crystalline mangan-ankerite from the dump of the Bonanza mine was analyzed by J. G. Fairchild: CaO 30.52, MgO 15.92, MnO 4.28, FeO 3.31, ZnO none, SO₃none, insoluble none, and CO₂46.08 (calculated); total 100.11. The observednO ranges between 1.690 and 1.698 and the calculatednO is 1.694 .The specific gravity and molecular proportions are given in Table 2 as specimen q.

Greenish wolframite similar to that described as an alteration product of huebnerite by Winchell²⁰PUMAMercedes Mapm Logo Tee T. The mineral occurs as extremely tiny,Nozze Principessa Ragazza Creativa con Nappe Orecchini Tornante Collana Scatola Portaoggetti Scatola Gingillo. Spectrographic tests by K. J.uomo con logo BMW MMS, Mn, and W. The identity of the wolframite was proved by x-ray powder pictures taken by W. E. Richmond.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

sportwearPUM56273901L Ferrari Shield. Waldemar T. Schaller, D. F. Hewett, Charles F. Park, Jr., J. B. Mertie, Michael Fleisher, and Duncan McConnell. The Anaconda Copper Mining Company permitted the examination of the Butte carbonate ores. Persons responsible for the chemical and some of the optical data have been acknowledged throughout the text.sportwearPUM56273901S Scudetto T. E. N. Goddard, W. S. Burbank, C. P. Ross, H. D. Miser, and D. F. Hewett of the U. S.sportwearPUM56275101S Giacca Scuderia Ferrari Felpa.

NOTES